1. Torbati S, Tajik Esmaeili S, Khosravi NA. Qualitative study of adolescent sexual education and its contextual factors with emphasis on interpersonal relations with case study: high school adolescent girls and boys residing in Tehran. J Sociol Stud 2020; 12(45): 77-104. [Persian]. [Link]

2. Lodhi FS, Rabbani U, Khan AA, Raza O, Holakouie-Naieni K, Yaseri M, Farooq U, Montazeri A. Factors associated with quality of life among joint and nuclear families: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21(1): 234. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12889-021-10265-2. [Link] https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10265-2 [DOI:10.1186/s12889-021-10265-2. [Link]]

3. Lamb GE. Fatherlessness: Implications for god's word, church, and world. Christian Education J. 2017; 14(1): 99-108. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/073989131701400109]

4. Statistical Center of Iran. Seven percent of the country's households are single-parent. 2018 Jun 20. Available from URL: https://www.amar.org.ir/news/ID/5529. [Link]

5. Steinbach A, Kuhnt AN, Knüll M. The prevalence of single-parent families and stepfamilies in Europe: can the Hajnal line help us to describe regional patterns? Hist Fam. 2016. 21:4, 578-595. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/1081602X.2016.1224730]

6. Khoshkerdar SF, Baradaran M, Ranjbar Noushari F. The Role of Parenting Styles, Parental Stress and Children's Executive Functions Deficits in Predicting the Children's Internalizing and Externalizing Problems. J Child Ment Health. 2020; 7(2):156-68. [Persian]. [Link] [DOI:10.29252/jcmh.7.2.14]

7. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: vol. I. Attachment. London: The Hogarth Press; 1969. [Link]

8. Kozulin, A. Vygotsky's psychology: A biography of ideas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 199. [Link]

9. Stallman HM, Ohan JL. Parenting style, parental adjustment, and co-patental conflict: Differential predictors of child psychosocial adjustment following divorce. J Behav Change. 2016; 33(2): 112-126. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/bec.2016.7]

10. Lund JI, Toombs E, Radford A, Boles K, Mushquash C. Adverse childhood experiences and executive function difficulties in children: A systematic review. J Child Abuse Negl. 2020; 106, 104485. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104485]

11. Brown TE. ADD/ADHD and Impairment Executive Function in Clinical Practice. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008;10(5):407-11. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7]

12. Lamm C, Zelazo P, Lewis M. Neural correlates of cognitive control in childhood and adolescence: disentangling the contributions of age and executive function. J Neuropsychol. 2005; 44(11): 2139-2148. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.013]

13. Konrad K, Firk C, Uhlhass P. Brain development during adolescence: neuroscientific insights into this developmental period. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013; 110(25): 425-431. [Link] [DOI:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0425]

14. Perkins-Gough D. Secrets of the Teenage Brain: A Conversation with Frances E. Jensen. Educ Leadersh. 2015; 73(2): 16-20. [Link]

15. He ZH, Yin WG. Family environments and children's executive function: The mediating role of children's affective state and stress. J Genet Psychol. 2016; 177(5): 143-155. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/00221325.2016.1218322]

16. Meuwissen AS, Carlson SM. Father matter: The role of father parenting in preschooler's executive function developmental. J Exp Child Psychol. 2015; 140: 1-15. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.06.010]

17. Meuwissen AS, Englund MM. Executive function in at-risk children: Importance of father-figure support and mother parenting. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2016; 44: 72-80. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.04.002]

18. Sarsour K, Sheridan M, Jutte D, Nuru-Jeter A, Hinshaw S. Family socioeconomic status and child executive function: The role of language, home environment, and single parenthood. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011; 1(17): 120-132. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/S1355617710001335]

19. Pendleton L. Socioeconomic status and executive functions: parental involvement as a mediating factor during middle-childhood. [Undergraduate's thesis]. Psychology Faculty, Bournemouth University. 2018. [Link]

20. John AMS, Kibbe M, Tarullo AR. A systematic assessment of socioeconomic status and executive functioning in early childhood. J Exp Child Psychol. 2019; 178: 352-368. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.09.003]

21. Finich J, Obradovice J. Unique effects of socioeconomic and emotional paternal challenges on children's executive function. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2017; 52: 126-137. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.appdev.2017.07.004]

22. Wenz- Gross M, Yoo Y, Upshur CC, Gambino AJ. Pathways to kindergarten readiness: The roles of second step early learning curriculum and social emotional, executive functioning, preschool academic and task behavior skills. J Front Psychol. 2018; 9: 1-19. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01886]

23. Baddeley AD, Hitch GJ. Working Memory. In, G.A. Bower (Ed.), Recent advances learning and motivation. new york: academic Press. 1974; 8:47-89. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1]

24. Artioli F, Reese E, Hayne H. Benchmarking the past: children's early memories and maternal reminiscing as a function of family structure. Journal Applied Research in Memory and Cognitive. 2015; 4(2): 136-143. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.04.002]

25. Richardson R, Cowan SM, Callaghan B, Kan J. Effects of early-life stress on fear memory the developing rat. J Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2016; 7: 15-20. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.10.003]

26. Simms EM. Intimacy and the face of the other: A philosophical study of infant institutionalization and depravation. Emot, Space Soc. 2014; 13: 80-86. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.emospa.2013.11.008]

27. Glasper ER, Hyer MM, Hunter TJ. Enduring effects of paternal deprivation in California mice (Peromyscus californicus): behavioral dysfunction and sex-dependent alterations in hippocampal new cell survival. J Fron in Behav Neurosci. 2018; 12: 1-11. [Link] [DOI:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00020]

28. He Z, Guo Q, Yang Y, Wang L, Zhang S, Yuan W et al. Pre-weaning paternal deprivation impairs social recognition and alters hippocampal neurogenesis and spine density in adult mandarin voles. J Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2018; 155: 452-462. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.09.006]

29. Tabbaa M, Lei K, Liu Y, Wang Z. Paternal deprivation affects social behaviors and neurochemical systems in the offspring of socially monogamous prairie voles. J Neurosci. 2017; 20(343): 284-297. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.011]

30. Popova D, Navicke J. The probability of poverty for mothers affcter childbirth and divorce in europe: The role of social stratification and tax-benefit policies. Soc Sci Research. 2019; 78: 57-70. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.10.007]

31. Safaee M, Rezaei A, Talepasand S. Predict academic performance based on family support, friends support and others support: The mediating role of academic self-efficacy, academic resilience and academic engagement. Educational Psychology. 2019; 15(52): 239-368. [Persian]. [Link]

32. Baabaazaadeh H, HosseyniNasab D, Livaarjaani, S. Academic achievement as a function of goal orientation and course perception mediated by academic self-regulation. Quarterly Journal of Education. 2020; 35(4): 131-151. [Persian]. [Link]

33. Mohammadi K, Rezaei AM, Mohammadifar MA, Talepasand S. The structural model evaluation of the correlation of family functioning and parental abuse with students' academic achievement: The mediating role of social adequacy and academic self-efficacy. Iranian J Med Edu. 2018; 18: 60-69. [Persian]. [Link]

34. Amini A. Khodadadi K. Zakie A. Hoseinzadeh. A. Comparision of depression, stress, anxiety, shyness, aggression and academic achievement in single-parent and two-parent male students. Edu Admin Research. 2013; 4(16): 57-66. [Persian]. [Link]

35. Zeratsion H, Bjertness CB, Bjertness E, Dalsklev M, Haavet OR, Halvorsen LA et al. The Influence of parental divorce on educational ambition of 18/19 year-old adolescents from oslo norway. J Child Fam Stud. 2015; 24(10): 2865- 2873. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10826-014-0090-6]

36. Tan TX, Wang, Y, Ruggerio AD. Childhood adversity and children's academic functioning: Role of parenting stress and neighborhood support. J Child Fam Stud. 2017; 26(10): 2742-2752. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s10826-017-0775-8]

37. Ghamari Givi H, Khoshnoodniay Chomachaei B. Comparisons of social skill, mental health and academic performance in children with divorced, divorcing and intact parents. Journal Family Research. 2016; 12(45): 69-92. [Link]

38. Pirttimaa R, Valivaara C. Intervention planning for children in foster care in Finland: A case study. J Educ Inqu. 2018; 9(2): 237-246. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/20004508.2017.1328932]

39. National Organization for Civil Registration. Vital Statistic. Available from: URL: https://www.sabteahval.ir/ [Link]

40. Ortiz-Ospina E, Roser M. "Marriages and Divorces". December 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/marriages-and-divorces. [Link]

41. Grant DA, Berg EA. Behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in Weigh-Type Card Sorting problem. J Exp Psychol. 1948; 38: 404-411. [Link] [DOI:10.1037/h0059831]

42. Barceló F. Does the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) measure prefrontal function? The Span J Psychol. 2001; 4(01): 79-100. [Link] [DOI:10.1017/S1138741600005680]

43. Milner B. Effect of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting. Arch Neurol. 1963; 9(1): 90-100. [Link] [DOI:10.1001/archneur.1963.00460070100010]

44. Strauss E, Sherman EMS, Spreen O. A Compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms and commentary. (3rd ed.) USA: Oxford University Press. 2006. [Link]

45. Shahgholian M, Azadfallah P, Fathi-Ashtiani A, Khodadadi M. Design of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) computerized version: Theoretical fundamental, developing and psychometrics characteristics. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2012; 1(4): 110-134. [Persian]. [Link]

46. Anderson SW, Damasio H, Jones RD, Tranel D. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. J Clin and Exp Neuropsychol. 1991; 13(6): 909-922. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/01688639108405107]

47. Spreen O, Strauss EA. Compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary: London: Oxford University Press; 1991. [Link]

48. Ghadiri F, Jazayeri A, Ashaeri H, Ghazi Tabatabaei M. Deficit in executive functioning in patients with schizo-obsessive disorder. Advances in Cognitive Science. 2006; 8(3): 11-24. [Persian]. [Link]

49. Davoodi A, Neshat Dust HT, Pasha Sharifi H. The comparison of executive functions in patients with schizophrenia, non psychotic major depression and normal individuals in Tehran. Journal Arak University of Medical Science. 2011; 14(4): 10-19. [Persian]. [Link]

50. Baezzat F, Nourizade N. The Effect of learning and cognition program of University of Utah on Sustained, selective and shifting attention of children. J Child Ment Health. 2018; 5(3): 58-68. [Persian]. [Link]

51. Ryan JJ, Morris J, Yaffa S, Peterson L. Test-Retest Reliability of the Wechsler Memory scale, Form I. J Clin Psychol. 1981; 37(4): 847-48. [Link] https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198110)37:4<847::AID-JCLP2270370429>3.0.CO;2-K [DOI:10.1002/1097-4679(198110)37:43.0.CO;2-K]

52. Movahhedi Y, Khodadadi M, Mohammadzadegan R. The comparison cognitive function and theory of mind in people with symptoms of obsessive - compulsive disorder and normal people. J Cog Psychol. 2014; 2 (3):28-36. [Persian]. [Link]

53. Karimi Lichahi R, Azarian A, Akbari B. The Effectiveness of Play Therapy on Reading Performance, Adaptive Skills and Behavioral Problems in Students with Dyslexia. J Child Ment Health. 2019; 6(3): 200-214. [Persian]. [Link] [DOI:10.29252/jcmh.6.3.18]