1. Li N, Ahmed S, Zabin LS. Association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adverse psychological outcomes among youth in Taipei. J Adolesc Health. 2012; 50(3): S45-S51. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.003]

2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, Dc: American Psychiatric Pub; 2013. [Link] [DOI:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596]

3. Trickey D, Siddaway AP, Meiser-Stedman R, Serpell L, Field AP. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012; 32(2): 122-138. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001]

4. Cohen JA, Bukstein O, Walter H, Benson SR, Chrisman A, Farchione TR, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010; 49(4): 414-430. [Link] [DOI:10.1097/00004583-201004000-00021]

5. Gillies D, Maiocchi L, Bhandari AP, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L. Psychological therapies for children and adolescents exposed to trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 10: CD012371. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD012371]

6. Barlow MR, Goldsmith Turow RE, Gerhart J. Trauma appraisals, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2017; 65: 37-47. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.006]

7. Bonomi AE, Cannon EA, Anderson ML, Rivara FP, Thompson RS. Association between self-reported health and physical and/or sexual abuse experienced before age 18. Child Abuse Negl. 2008; 32(7): 693-701. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.10.004]

8. Bashar Poor S, Narimani M, Issazadegan A. Role of experiencing traumatic life events in the prediction of psychological symptoms in male high school students in city of Uremia in 2010-2011 school-year. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 20(4): 96-106. [Persian]. [Link]

9. Wingenfeld K, Riedesel K, Petrovic Z, Philippsen C, Meyer B, Rose M, et al. Impact of childhood trauma, alexithymia, dissociation, and emotion suppression on emotional Stroop task. J Psychosom Res. 2011; 70(1): 53-58. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.06.003]

10. Ebrahimi H, Dejkam M, Seghatoleslam T. Childhood traumas and suicide attempt in adulthood. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2014; 19(4): 275-282. [Persian]. [Link]

11. Karatzias T, Howard R, Power K, Socherel F, Heath C, Livingstone A. Organic vs. functional neurological disorders: The role of childhood psychological trauma. Child Abuse Negl. 2017; 63: 1-6. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.011]

12. Ghadiri Zabihi S, Abolghasemi A, Aghajani S. A comparison of behavioral activation-inhibition systems and emotional clarity in students with and without trauma. Journal of School Psychology. 2015; 4(2): 69-88. [Persian]. [Link]

13. Magdol L, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Silva PA. Developmental antecedents of partner abuse: a prospective-longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998; 107(3): 375-389. [Link] [DOI:10.1037//0021-843X.107.3.375]

14. Auslander W, Sterzing P, Threlfall J, Gerke D, Edmond T. Childhood abuse and aggression in adolescent girls involved in child welfare: the role of depression and posttraumatic stress. J Child Adolesc Trauma. 2016; 9(4): 359-368. [Link] [DOI:10.1007/s40653-016-0090-3]

15. Moreno-Manso JM, García-Baamonde ME, Blázquez-Alonso M, Guerrero-Barona E, Godoy-Merino MJ. Empathy and coping strategies in youths subject to protection measures. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2018; 93: 100-107. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.07.011]

16. Reich CM, Blackwell N, Simmons CA, Beck JG. Social problem solving strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of intimate partner violence. J Anxiety Disord. 2015; 32: 31-37. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.02.007]

17. Goddard L, Dritschel B, Burton A. Social problem solving and autobiographical memory in non-clinical depression. Br J Clin Psychol. 1997; 36(Pt 3): 449-451. [Link] [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01252.x]

18. Dirkzwager AJE, Bramsen I, van der Ploeg HM. Social support, coping, life events, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among former peacekeepers: a prospective study. Pers Individ Dif. 2003; 34(8): 1545-1559. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00198-8]

19. Gleason KA, Jensen-Campbell LA, Ickes W. The role of empathic accuracy in adolescents' peer relations and adjustment. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2009; 35(8): 997-1011. [Link] [DOI:10.1177/0146167209336605]

20. Gutiérrez Sanmartín M, Escartí Carbonell A, Pascual Baños C. Relationships among empathy, prosocial behavior, aggressiveness, self-efficacy and pupils' personal and social responsibility. Psicothema. 2011; 23(1): 13-19. [Link]

21. Hébert M, Langevin R, Oussaïd E. Cumulative childhood trauma, emotion regulation, dissociation, and behavior problems in school-aged sexual abuse victims. J Affect Disord. 2018; 225: 306-312.‌ [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.044]

22. Choi JY, Oh KJ. Cumulative childhood trauma and psychological maladjustment of sexually abused children in Korea: mediating effects of emotion regulation. Child Abuse Negl. 2014; 38(2): 296-303. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.009]

23. McLean CP, Foa EB. Emotions and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017; 14: 72-77. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.006]

24. Chesney SA, Gordon NS. Profiles of emotion regulation: Understanding regulatory patterns and the implications for posttraumatic stress. Cogn Emot. 2017; 31(3): 598-606. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/02699931.2015.1126555]

25. Gabbard GO, Miller LA, Martinez M. A neurobiological perspective on mentalizing and internal object relations in traumatized patients with borderline personality disorder. In: Allen JG, Fonagy P, editors. Handbook of mentalization-based treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2008, pp: 123-140. [Link] [DOI:10.1002/9780470712986.ch5]

26. Chartier MJ, Walker JR, Naimark B. Health risk behaviors and mental health problems as mediators of the relationship between childhood abuse and adult health. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99(5): 847-854. [Link] [DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2007.122408]

27. Kramer DN, Landolt MA. Characteristics and efficacy of early psychological interventions in children and adolescents after single trauma: a meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2011; 2(1): 7858. [Link] [DOI:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7858]

28. Ehring T, Welboren R, Morina N, Wicherts JM, Freitag J, Emmelkamp PMG. Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014; 34(8): 645-657. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.10.004]

29. Mueser KT, McGurk SR, Xie H, Bolton EE, Jankowski MK, Lu W, et al. Neuropsychological predictors of response to cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatry Res. 2018; 259: 110-116. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.016]

30. Padmanabhanunni A. A review of the transportability of cognitive therapy for the treatment of PTSD among South African rape survivors. Health SA Gesondheid. 2017; 22(1): 268-274. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.hsag.2017.01.005]

31. Vaziry S, Lotfi Azimi A. The effect of empathy training in decreasing Adolescents aggression. Developmental psychology: Iranian psychologists. 2012; 30(8): 167-175. [Persian]. [Link]

32. LoSavio ST, Dillon KH, Resick PA. Cognitive factors in the development, maintenance, and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017; 14: 18-22. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.09.006]

33. Riess H. The impact of clinical empathy on patients and clinicians: understanding empathy side effects, empathy and moral behavior. American Journal of Bioethics Neuroscience. 2015; 6(3): 51-53. [Link] [DOI:10.1080/21507740.2015.1052591]

34. Castillo R, Salguero JM, Fernández-Berrocal P, Balluerka N. Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents. J Adolesc. 2013; 36(5): 883-892. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.001]

35. Van Lissa CJ, Hawk ST, Meeus WHJ. The effects of affective and cognitive empathy on adolescents' behavior and outcomes in conflicts with mothers. J Exp Child Psychol. 2017; 158: 32-45. [Link] [DOI:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.01.002]

36. Ford I, Racusin JD, Acker R, Bosquet R, Ellis C, Schiffman R. Traumatic events screening inventory (TESI-PRR / TESI-SRR). ScienceOPEN [Serial Online]. 2002 Jan 1 [cited 2019 Jul 26]; Available from: [Link]

37. D'Zurilla TJ, Nezu AM, Maydeu-Olivares A. Social problem-solving inventory-revised (SPSI-RTM) [Internet]. New York: Multi Health Systems (MHS Inc.); 2018. Available From: [Link]

38. Mokhberi A, Dortaj F, Dorekordi A. Questionnaire, psychometrics, and standardization of indicators of social problem solving ability. Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2011; 1(4): 1-21. [Persian]. [Link]